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Similar syntax in both computer languages

This is a list of operators in the C and C++ programming languages. All the operators listed exist in C++; the cavalcade "Included in C", states whether an operator is as well present in C. Note that C does not support operator overloading.

When not overloaded, for the operators &&, ||, and , (the comma operator), there is a sequence point subsequently the evaluation of the first operand.

C++ also contains the blazon conversion operators const_cast, static_cast, dynamic_cast, and reinterpret_cast. The formatting of these operators ways that their precedence level is unimportant.

Most of the operators available in C and C++ are too available in other C-family unit languages such every bit C#, D, Java, Perl, and PHP with the same precedence, associativity, and semantics.

Table [edit]

For the purposes of these tables, a, b, and c stand for valid values (literals, values from variables, or return value), object names, or lvalues, as appropriate. R, South and T stand up for whatsoever type(southward), and Chiliad for a class type or enumerated type.

Arithmetic operators [edit]

All arithmetics operators exists in C and C++ and can be overloaded in C++.

Operator proper noun		Syntax	C++ image examples
Operator proper noun		Syntax	As member of G	Outside class definitions
Addition		`a + b`	`R K :: operator + ( S b );`	`R operator + ( One thousand a , Due south b );`
Subtraction		`a - b`	`R K :: operator - ( South b );`	`R operator - ( 1000 a , S b );`
Unary plus (integer promotion)		`+a`	`R K :: operator + ();`	`R operator + ( M a );`
Unary minus (condiment changed)		`-a`	`R K :: operator - ();`	`R operator - ( K a );`
Multiplication		`a * b`	`R 1000 :: operator * ( S b );`	`R operator * ( Grand a , South b );`
Division		`a / b`	`R 1000 :: operator / ( S b );`	`R operator / ( K a , South b );`
Modulo (integer residue)^[a]		`a % b`	`R G :: operator % ( Southward b );`	`R operator % ( K a , S b );`
Increment	Prefix	`++a`	`R & Thousand :: operator ++ ();`	`R & operator ++ ( Thousand & a );`
	Postfix	`a++`	`R Thou :: operator ++ ( int );`	`R operator ++ ( K & a , int );`
	Postfix	`a++`	Note: C++ uses the unnamed dummy-parameter `int` to differentiate between prefix and postfix increase operators.
Decrement	Prefix	`--a`	`R & K :: operator -- ();`	`R & operator -- ( Thousand & a );`
	Postfix	`a--`	`R K :: operator -- ( int );`	`R operator -- ( K & a , int );`
	Postfix	`a--`	Note: C++ uses the unnamed dummy-parameter `int` to differentiate between prefix and postfix decrement operators.

Comparison operators/relational operators [edit]

All comparing operators can be overloaded in C++.

Operator name	Syntax	Included in C	Prototype examples
Operator name	Syntax	Included in C	As member of Thousand	Outside class definitions
Equal to	`a == b`	Yes	`bool 1000 :: operator == ( S const & b ) const ;`	bool operator == ( K const & a , South const & b );
Not equal to	`a != b` `a not_eq b` ^[b]	Yep	`bool K :: operator != ( S const & b ) const ;`	bool operator != ( Grand const & a , S const & b );
Greater than	`a > b`	Yes	`bool Thou :: operator > ( S const & b ) const ;`	bool operator > ( Chiliad const & a , S const & b );
Less than	`a < b`	Yes	`bool Thou :: operator < ( Southward const & b ) const ;`	bool operator < ( Grand const & a , Due south const & b );
Greater than or equal to	`a >= b`	Yes	`bool K :: operator >= ( S const & b ) const ;`	bool operator >= ( K const & a , S const & b );
Less than or equal to	`a <= b`	Yep	`bool Yard :: operator <= ( Due south const & b ) const ;`	bool operator <= ( Thou const & a , S const & b );
Three-manner comparison^[c]	`a <=> b`	No	`auto K :: operator <=> ( const South & b );`	machine operator <=> ( const K & a , const Southward & b );
Three-manner comparison^[c]	`a <=> b`	No	The operator has a total of 3 possible return types: `std::weak_ordering`, `std::strong_ordering` and `std::partial_ordering` to which they all are convertible to.

Logical operators [edit]

All logical operators exist in C and C++ and can be overloaded in C++, albeit the overloading of the logical AND and logical OR is discouraged, because equally overloaded operators they behave as ordinary function calls, which means that both of their operands are evaluated, so they lose their well-used and expected short-circuit evaluation holding.^[1]

Operator name	Syntax	C++ prototype examples
Operator name	Syntax	As member of G	Outside class definitions
Logical negation (Non)	`!a` `not a` ^[b]	`bool K :: operator ! ();`	`bool operator ! ( One thousand a );`
Logical AND	`a && b` `a and b` ^[b]	`bool Thousand :: operator && ( S b );`	`bool operator && ( Thousand a , S b );`
Logical OR	`a \|\| b` `a or b` ^[b]	`bool M :: operator \|\| ( South b );`	`bool operator \|\| ( K a , S b );`

Bitwise operators [edit]

All bitwise operators exist in C and C++ and tin can be overloaded in C++.

Operator name	Syntax	Prototype examples
Operator name	Syntax	As member of K	Outside class definitions
Bitwise Not	`~a` `compl a` ^[b]	`R K :: operator ~ ();`	`R operator ~ ( K a );`
Bitwise AND	`a & b` `a bitand b` ^[b]	`R K :: operator & ( S b );`	`R operator & ( K a , Due south b );`
Bitwise OR	`a \| b` `a bitor b` ^[b]	`R Thousand :: operator \| ( Southward b );`	`R operator \| ( 1000 a , Southward b );`
Bitwise XOR	`a ^ b` `a xor b` ^[b]	`R K :: operator ^ ( S b );`	`R operator ^ ( K a , South b );`
Bitwise left shift^[d]	`a << b`	`R Grand :: operator << ( S b );`	`R operator << ( K a , S b );`
Bitwise correct shift^[d] ^{[due east]}	`a >> b`	`R Thousand :: operator >> ( S b );`	`R operator >> ( M a , S b );`

Assignment operators [edit]

All assignment expressions exist in C and C++ and can exist overloaded in C++.

For the given operators the semantic of the congenital-in combined assignment expression a ⊚= b is equivalent to a = a ⊚ b, except that a is evaluated but one time.

Operator proper noun	Syntax	C++ prototype examples
Operator proper noun	Syntax	As fellow member of K	Outside class definitions
Direct assignment	`a = b`	`R & K :: operator = ( S b );`	Northward/A
Addition assignment	`a += b`	`R & Thousand :: operator += ( S b );`	`R & operator += ( K & a , Southward b );`
Subtraction assignment	`a -= b`	`R & K :: operator -= ( S b );`	`R & operator -= ( K & a , South b );`
Multiplication consignment	`a *= b`	`R & Chiliad :: operator *= ( Southward b );`	`R & operator *= ( M & a , S b );`
Division assignment	`a /= b`	`R & Thousand :: operator /= ( Due south b );`	`R & operator /= ( G & a , S b );`
Modulo assignment	`a %= b`	`R & Chiliad :: operator %= ( Due south b );`	`R & operator %= ( K & a , S b );`
Bitwise AND assignment	`a &= b` `a and_eq b` ^[b]	`R & Grand :: operator &= ( S b );`	`R & operator &= ( 1000 & a , S b );`
Bitwise OR assignment	`a \|= b` `a or_eq b` ^[b]	`R & K :: operator \|= ( S b );`	`R & operator \|= ( K & a , S b );`
Bitwise XOR assignment	`a ^= b` `a xor_eq b` ^[b]	`R & M :: operator ^= ( S b );`	`R & operator ^= ( One thousand & a , S b );`
Bitwise left shift assignment	`a <<= b`	`R & Grand :: operator <<= ( S b );`	`R & operator <<= ( Yard & a , S b );`
Bitwise right shift assignment^[e]	`a >>= b`	`R & K :: operator >>= ( S b );`	`R & operator >>= ( M & a , S b );`

Member and pointer operators [edit]

Operator name	Syntax	Can overload in C++	Included in C	C++ paradigm examples
Operator name	Syntax	Can overload in C++	Included in C	Every bit fellow member of K	Exterior grade definitions
Subscript	`a[b]`	Yes	Yes	`R & Thousand :: operator []( S b );`	N/A
Indirection ("object pointed to by a")	`*a`	Aye	Yes	`R & K :: operator * ();`	`R & operator * ( K a );`
Address-of ("address of a")	`&a`	Yes	Yes	`R * 1000 :: operator & ();`	`R * operator & ( Thousand a );`
Structure dereference ("member b of object pointed to by a")	`a->b`	Yes	Aye	`R * K :: operator -> ();` ^[f]	Northward/A
Structure reference ("member b of object a")	`a.b`	No	Yes	Northward/A
Fellow member selected by arrow-to-member b of object pointed to by a ^[g]	`a->*b`	Yes	No	`R & K :: operator ->* ( South b );`	`R & operator ->* ( One thousand a , S b );`
Member of object a selected by pointer-to-fellow member b	`a.*b`	No	No	N/A

Other operators [edit]

Operator name	Syntax	Tin can overload in C++	Included in C	Paradigm examples
Operator name	Syntax	Tin can overload in C++	Included in C	As member of Thou	Outside grade definitions
Part phone call Come across Part object.	`a(a1, a2)`	Yes	Yes	`R Thousand::operator ()( S a , T b , ...);`	Due north/A
Comma	`a, b`	Yep	Yes	`R Thousand :: operator ,( South b );`	`R operator ,( K a , S b );`
Ternary conditional	`a ? b : c`	No	Aye	N/A
Scope resolution	`a::b`	No	No	N/A
User-divers literals^[h] since C++11	`"a"_b`	Yes	No	N/A	`R operator "" _b ( T a )`
Sizeof	`sizeof(a)` ^[i] `sizeof(type)`	No	Yes	North/A
Size of parameter pack since C++eleven	`sizeof...(Args)`	No	No	N/A
Alignof since C++11	`alignof(type)` or `_Alignof(blazon)` ^[j]	No	Yes	N/A
Type identification	`typeid(a)` `typeid(type)`	No	No	N/A
Conversion (C-style cast)	`(type)a`	Yes	Aye	`K :: operator R ();` ^[3]	Due north/A
Conversion	`blazon(a)`	No	No	Note: behaves like const_cast/static_cast/reinterpret_cast^[4]
static_cast conversion	`static_cast<type>(a)`	Yes	No	`One thousand :: operator R ();` `explicit Grand :: operator R ();` since C++xi	N/A
static_cast conversion	`static_cast<type>(a)`	Yes	No	Note: for user-defined conversions, the return type implicitly and necessarily matches the operator proper name.
dynamic bandage conversion	`dynamic_cast<type>(a)`	No	No	Northward/A
const_cast conversion	`const_cast<type>(a)`	No	No	N/A
reinterpret_cast conversion	`reinterpret_cast<type>(a)`	No	No	N/A
Classify storage	`new type`	Yes	No	`void * K :: operator new ( size_t x );`	`void * operator new ( size_t 10 );`
Allocate storage (array)	`new type [n]`	Yes	No	`void * One thousand :: operator new []( size_t a );`	`void * operator new []( size_t a );`
Deallocate storage	`delete a`	Yes	No	`void 1000 :: operator delete ( void * a );`	`void operator delete ( void * a );`
Deallocate storage (array)	`delete[] a`	Yes	No	`void M :: operator delete []( void * a );`	`void operator delete []( void * a );`
Exception check since C++11	`noexcept(a)`	No	No	North/A

Notes:

^ The modulus operator works just with integer operands, for floating point numbers a library function must be used instead (like fmod ).
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^{one thousand} ^h ⁱ ^j ^thousand Requires iso646.h in C. See C++ operator synonyms
^ Well-nigh C++20 3-fashion comparison
^ ^a ^b In the context of iostreams, writers often will refer to << and >> as the "put-to" or "stream insertion" and "go-from" or "stream extraction" operators, respectively.
^ ^a ^b According to the C99 standard, the correct shift of a negative number is implementation defined. About implementations, due east.m., the GCC,^[2] employ an arithmetic shift (i.e., sign extension), but a logical shift is possible.
^ The render type of operator -> () must be a type for which the -> operation tin can be applied, such as a pointer type. If x is of type C where C overloads operator -> () , x -> y gets expanded to x . operator -> () -> y .
^ Meyers, Scott (October 1999), "Implementing operator->* for Smart Pointers" (PDF), Dr. Dobb's Periodical, Aristeia .
^ Most C++11 User-divers literals
^ The parentheses are non necessary when taking the size of a value, but when taking the size of a type. However, they are unremarkably used regardless.
^ C++ defines alignof operator, whereas C defines _Alignof. Both operators have the same semantics.

Operator precedence [edit]

The following is a table that lists the precedence and associativity of all the operators in the C and C++ languages. Operators are listed top to lesser, in descending precedence. Descending precedence refers to the priority of the grouping of operators and operands. Because an expression, an operator which is listed on some row will be grouped prior to any operator that is listed on a row further below it. Operators that are in the same cell (in that location may be several rows of operators listed in a cell) are grouped with the same precedence, in the given direction. An operator's precedence is unaffected by overloading.

The syntax of expressions in C and C++ is specified by a phrase structure grammar.^[five] The tabular array given here has been inferred from the grammar.^{[ citation needed ]} For the ISO C 1999 standard, section half dozen.5.vi note 71 states that the C grammar provided past the specification defines the precedence of the C operators, and also states that the operator precedence resulting from the grammer closely follows the specification's section ordering:

"The [C] syntax [i.e., grammar] specifies the precedence of operators in the evaluation of an expression, which is the same every bit the gild of the major subclauses of this subclause, highest precedence first."^[vi]

A precedence table, while mostly adequate, cannot resolve a few details. In particular, notation that the ternary operator allows whatsoever arbitrary expression as its centre operand, despite being listed equally having college precedence than the consignment and comma operators. Thus a ? b, c : d is interpreted as a ? (b, c) : d, and non equally the meaningless (a ? b), (c : d). So, the expression in the middle of the conditional operator (between ? and : ) is parsed as if parenthesized. Also, note that the firsthand, unparenthesized outcome of a C cast expression cannot be the operand of sizeof. Therefore, sizeof (int) * x is interpreted equally (sizeof(int)) * 10 and not sizeof ((int) * x).

Precedence	Operator	Clarification	Associativity
ane highest	`::`	Scope resolution (C++ only)	None
2	`++`	Postfix increment	Left-to-right
	`--`	Postfix decrement
	`()`	Office call
	`[]`	Assortment subscripting
	`.`	Element option past reference
	`->`	Element pick through pointer
	`typeid()`	Run-time type data (C++ only) (see typeid)
	`const_cast`	Type cast (C++ only) (see const_cast)
	`dynamic_cast`	Type cast (C++ only) (see dynamic cast)
	`reinterpret_cast`	Type cast (C++ only) (see reinterpret_cast)
	`static_cast`	Blazon cast (C++ just) (see static_cast)
3	`++`	Prefix increment	Correct-to-left
	`--`	Prefix decrement
	`+`	Unary plus
	`-`	Unary minus
	`!`	Logical NOT
	`~`	Bitwise NOT (Ane'south Complement)
	`(type)`	Type cast
	`*`	Indirection (dereference)
	`&`	Address-of
	`sizeof`	Sizeof
	`_Alignof`	Alignment requirement (since C11)
	`new`, `new[]`	Dynamic memory allotment (C++ merely)
	`delete`, `delete[]`	Dynamic memory deallocation (C++ only)
4	`.*`	Pointer to fellow member (C++ but)	Left-to-correct
4	`->*`	Arrow to member (C++ only)	Left-to-correct
5	`*`	Multiplication	Left-to-right
	`/`	Division
	`%`	Modulo (residuum)
6	`+`	Addition	Left-to-correct
6	`-`	Subtraction	Left-to-correct
7	`<<`	Bitwise left shift	Left-to-right
7	`>>`	Bitwise right shift	Left-to-right
eight	`<=>`	Three-fashion comparison (Introduced in C++xx - C++ only)	Left-to-right
9	`<`	Less than	Left-to-right
	`<=`	Less than or equal to
	`>`	Greater than
	`>=`	Greater than or equal to
x	`==`	Equal to	Left-to-right
x	`!=`	Not equal to	Left-to-right
11	`&`	Bitwise AND	Left-to-right
12	`^`	Bitwise XOR (sectional or)	Left-to-right
xiii	`\|`	Bitwise OR (inclusive or)	Left-to-right
14	`&&`	Logical AND	Left-to-right
15	`\|\|`	Logical OR	Left-to-right
xvi	`?:`	Ternary conditional (come across ?:)	Right-to-left
	`=`	Straight assignment
	`+=`	Assignment by sum
	`-=`	Assignment past difference
	`*=`	Assignment by product
	`/=`	Assignment by quotient
	`%=`	Assignment by remainder
	`<<=`	Assignment by bitwise left shift
	`>>=`	Consignment past bitwise right shift
	`&=`	Consignment past bitwise AND
	`^=`	Assignment by bitwise XOR
	`\|=`	Assignment past bitwise OR
	`throw`	Throw operator (exceptions throwing, C++ simply)
17 lowest	`,`	Comma	Left-to-right

^[vii] ^[8] ^[nine]

Notes [edit]

The precedence table determines the club of binding in chained expressions, when it is non expressly specified by parentheses.

For example, ++x*three is ambiguous without some precedence rule(s). The precedence table tells us that: x is 'jump' more tightly to ++ than to *, then that whatsoever ++ does (at present or later—see below), it does it But to ten (and not to x*iii); it is equivalent to (++x, x*3).
Similarly, with iii*x++, where though the post-fix ++ is designed to act Later on the entire expression is evaluated, the precedence table makes it articulate that ONLY x gets incremented (and Not 3*ten). In fact, the expression (tmp=x++, 3*tmp) is evaluated with tmp being a temporary value. It is functionally equivalent to something like (tmp=three*ten, ++x, tmp).

Abstracting the issue of precedence or bounden, consider the diagram above for the expression 3+2*y[i]++. The compiler's job is to resolve the diagram into an expression, one in which several unary operators (call them 3+( . ), 2*( . ), ( . )++ and ( . )[ i ]) are competing to demark to y. The club of precedence tabular array resolves the final sub-expression they each act upon: ( . )[ i ] acts only on y, ( . )++ acts only on y[i], 2*( . ) acts just on y[i]++ and iii+( . ) acts 'simply' on two*((y[i])++). Information technology is important to annotation that WHAT sub-expression gets acted on by each operator is articulate from the precedence table but WHEN each operator acts is not resolved past the precedence table; in this example, the ( . )++ operator acts merely on y[i] by the precedence rules but binding levels lone do non signal the timing of the postfix ++ (the ( . )++ operator acts only afterwards y[i] is evaluated in the expression).

Many of the operators containing multi-character sequences are given "names" congenital from the operator name of each character. For case, += and -= are often called plus equal(s) and minus equal(due south), instead of the more than verbose "assignment past improver" and "assignment by subtraction". The bounden of operators in C and C++ is specified (in the respective Standards) by a factored language grammar, rather than a precedence table. This creates some subtle conflicts. For example, in C, the syntax for a conditional expression is:

                        logical            -            OR            -            expression                                    ?                                    expression            :                                    conditional            -            expression

while in C++ information technology is:

                        logical            -            OR            -            expression                                    ?                                    expression            :                                    assignment            -            expression

Hence, the expression:

is parsed differently in the ii languages. In C, this expression is a syntax error, because the syntax for an assignment expression in C is:

                        unary            -            expression                                    '='                                    assignment            -            expression

In C++, it is parsed equally:

                        e                                    =                                    (            a                                    <                                    d                                    ?                                    a            ++                                    :                                    (            a                                    =                                    d            ))

which is a valid expression.^[x] ^[11]

If you desire to employ comma-equally-operator inside a single office argument, variable consignment, or other comma-separated list, you need to apply parentheses,^[12] ^[13] e.m.:

                        int                                    a                                    =                                    1            ,                                    b                                    =                                    two            ,                                    weirdVariable                                    =                                    (            ++            a            ,                                    b            ),                                    d                                    =                                    4            ;

Criticism of bitwise and equality operators precedence [edit]

The precedence of the bitwise logical operators has been criticized.^[fourteen] Conceptually, & and | are arithmetic operators like * and +.

The expression a & b == 7 is syntactically parsed every bit a & ( b == 7 ) whereas the expression a + b == seven is parsed as ( a + b ) == 7 . This requires parentheses to be used more often than they otherwise would.

Historically, there was no syntactic distinction between the bitwise and logical operators. In BCPL, B and early C, the operators && || didn't exist. Instead & | had unlike meaning depending on whether they are used in a 'truth-value context' (i.e. when a Boolean value was expected, for example in if ( a == b & c ) {...} it behaved as a logical operator, but in c = a & b it behaved as a bitwise 1). Information technology was retained so as to keep backward compatibility with existing installations.^[15]

Moreover, in C++ (and later versions of C) equality operations, with the exception of the three-manner comparing operator, yield bool type values which are conceptually a single chip (1 or 0) and as such do not properly belong in "bitwise" operations.

C++ operator synonyms [edit]

C++ defines^[16] certain keywords to act as aliases for a number of operators:

Keyword	Operator
`and`	`&&`
`and_eq`	`&=`
`bitand`	`&`
`bitor`	`\|`
`compl`	`~`
`non`	`!`
`not_eq`	`!=`
`or`	`\|\|`
`or_eq`	`\|=`
`xor`	`^`
`xor_eq`	`^=`

These can be used exactly the aforementioned mode as the punctuation symbols they supervene upon, as they are not the same operator nether a different name, just rather elementary token replacements for the name (character string) of the respective operator. This means that the expressions (a > 0 and not flag) and (a > 0 && !flag) take identical meanings. It besides means that, for example, the bitand keyword may be used to replace not only the bitwise-and operator merely also the address-of operator, and information technology tin fifty-fifty be used to specify reference types (eastward.g., int bitand ref = n). The ISO C specification makes allowance for these keywords every bit preprocessor macros in the header file iso646.h. For compatibility with C, C++ provides the header ciso646, the inclusion of which has no effect.

Encounter besides [edit]

Bitwise operations in C
Flake manipulation
Logical operator
Boolean algebra (logic)
Tabular array of logic symbols
Digraphs and trigraphs in C and in C++

References [edit]

^ "Standard C++".
^ "Integers implementation", GCC 4.3.3, GNU .
^ "user-defined conversion". Retrieved 5 April 2020.
^ Explicit type conversion in C++
^ ISO/IEC 9899:201x Programming Languages - C. open-std.org – The C Standards Committee. 19 December 2011. p. 465.
^ the ISO C 1999 standard, department 6.5.6 note 71 (Technical report). ISO. 1999.
^ "C Operator Precedence - cppreference.com". en.cppreference.com . Retrieved 16 July 2019.
^ "C++ Congenital-in Operators, Precedence and Associativity". docs.microsoft.com . Retrieved 11 May 2020.
^ "C++ Operator Precedence - cppreference.com". en.cppreference.com . Retrieved 16 July 2019.
^ "C Operator Precedence - cppreference.com". en.cppreference.com . Retrieved x Apr 2020.
^ "Does the C/C++ ternary operator actually have the aforementioned precedence as assignment operators?". Stack Overflow . Retrieved 22 September 2019.
^ "Other operators - cppreference.com". en.cppreference.com . Retrieved 10 Apr 2020.
^ "c++ - How does the Comma Operator work". Stack Overflow . Retrieved 1 April 2020.
^ C history § Neonatal C, Bell labs .
^ "Re^x: next unless condition". www.perlmonks.org . Retrieved 23 March 2018.
^ ISO/IEC 14882:1998(E) Programming Language C++. open-std.org – The C++ Standards Committee. 1 September 1998. pp. twoscore–41.

External links [edit]

"Operators", C++ reference (wiki) .
C Operator Precedence
Postfix Increment and Decrement Operators: ++ and -- (Developer network), Microsoft .

smithpreigaing43.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operators_in_C_and_C%2B%2B